Organic compounds {carboxylic acid}| can have terminal carbon atom double-bonded to oxygen atom and single-bonded to hydroxyl group.
properties
Carboxylic acids are colorless, have strong and bad odor, are reactive, are polar, are acidic, and are reducible to aldehydes. Carboxylic acids are liquids if they have less than twelve carbons.
types
Small carboxylic acids have one carbon {methanoic acid} {formic acid}, two carbons {ethanoic acid} {acetic acid}, three carbons {propanoic acid} {propionic acid}, four carbons {butanoic acid} {butyric acid}, five carbons {pentanoic acid} {valeric acid}, or six carbons {hexanoic acid} {caproic acid}.
types: saturated fatty acids
Larger carboxylic acids have twelve carbons {lauric acid}, fourteen carbons {myristic acid}, sixteen carbons {palmitic acid}, eighteen carbons {stearic acid}, or twenty carbons {arachidic acid}.
types: unsaturated fatty acids
Fatty acids can have double bonds in carbon chain. First double bond is at ninth carbon, second is at twelfth carbon, and third is at fifteenth carbon. Sixteen carbons can have one double bond {palmitoleic acid}. Eighteen carbons can have one double bond {oleic acid}. Eighteen carbons can have two double bonds {linoleic acid}. Eighteen carbons can have three double bonds {linolenic acid}. More double bonds increase fatty-acid liquidity.
derivatives
Carboxylic-acid derivatives substitute nucleophile for carboxylic-acid hydroxyl group. Nucleophile can be ether to make ester, amine to make amide, carboxylic acid to make anhydride, or halide to make acyl halide.
Carboxylic acids can be substituents {acyl-}.
Carboxylic acids dissolve in water and lose proton to make ion {carboxyl ion}. Carboxyl ion has resonance between single and double bonds to oxygens.
Carboxylic acids have salt forms {carboxylate}, which use suffix -ate, as in sodium citrate.
Long fatty acids can add sodium ion to make sodium salt {soap}|.
Carboxylic acids {carbonic acid} can have one carbon, three oxygens, and two hydrogens.
Carboxylic acids {dicarboxylic acid} can have carboxyl groups on both ends. Small dicarboxylic acids have two carbons {oxalic acid}, three carbons {malonic acid}, four carbons {succinic acid}, five carbons {glutaric acid}, or six carbons {adipic acid}.
Propanoic acid {lactic acid} can have hydroxyl group on second carbon.
Organic molecules {limonene} can be skin irritants.
Benzene rings {phthalic acid} can have adjacent carboxyl group. Phthalates can affect body hormone levels.
Propanoic acid {pyruvic acid} can have ketone on second carbon.
Benzoic acid {salicylic acid} can have a hydroxyl group in para- position.
large dicarboxylic acid {tartaric acid} {cream of tartar, acid}.
Branched carbon chain can have three carboxyl groups {tricarboxylic acid}, such as citric acid.
Carboxylic-acid nucleophile can substitute for carboxylic-acid hydroxyl group. Organic compounds {acid anhydride} can have last carbon in carbon chain double-bonded to oxygen atom and single-bonded to carboxylic acid. Acid anhydrides are colorless, smell bad like carboxylic acids, are highly reactive, are polar, are not acidic, are not basic, are not oxidizable or reducible, dissolve slightly in water, and are liquids unless more than six carbons.
Acid anhydrides {imide}| can be amides.
Organic compounds {acyl halide} can have last carbon in carbon chain double-bonded to oxygen atom and single-bonded to halogen. Acyl halides are colorful, have harsh and pungent and bad odor, are highly reactive, are polar, are not acidic, are not basic, are not oxidizable or reducible, dissolve slightly in water, and are liquids unless more than six carbons.
Organic compounds {amide}| can have last carbon in carbon chain double-bonded to oxygen atom and single-bonded to amino group. Amides include urea, phenobarbitol, and caffeine.
properties
Amides are colorful, have harsh and pungent and bad odor, are slightly reactive, are polar, are not acidic, are not basic, are not oxidizable or reducible, dissolve slightly in water, and are liquids unless more than six carbons.
bond
Amide bonds resonate, because double bond between carbon and oxygen can shift to nitrogen, making nitrogen positive, carbon positive, oxygen negative, and bond planar.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225